Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) is a controversial and complex concept, initially coined by child psychiatrist Richard Gardner in the 1980s. It refers to a situation where one parent manipulates a child to reject the other parent, often in the context of contentious divorce or custody battles. The long-term psychological effects on children subjected to parental alienation have been a topic of extensive debate, but a growing body of evidence suggests that these effects can extend beyond emotional and mental health, potentially influencing criminal [...]